What I Have Learned/ What I Want to Learn

Sexuality, Race, & Subjugation:

     Although several of the texts we have already studied contain instances of homosexuality/bisexuality, I don't understand the way these scenes are portrayed. In On the Road, homosexuality/bisexuality is presented as part of a double standard. Kerouac shows a sense of disdain for many of the gay individuals he encounters on his travels, yet Allen Ginsberg (who was homosexual) remains one of his greatest friends and most trusted literary advisors. Similarly, Neal Cassady often uses derogatory language to condemn those who are not straight, yet he has no qualms about seducing (and most likely having sex) with a man in hopes of receiving money in exchange. Even, William Burroughs, whose writings from Queer and Junkie openly portray a biographic sexual relationship between himself and "Allerton," a sense of prejudice still exists. There is often a distinction between people Burroughs calls "gay" and those that he calls "fag." This differing use of language is never made clear, but the "gay" group seems to be more acceptable and elevated than those who are referred to with offensive labels. I'd like to know where the Beats viewed themselves on this scale, as well as why these methods of separation were created at all.

     Similarly related is the conflicting views of race, especially in relation to African Americans. Throughout On the Road, Kerouac esteems black jazz musicians, elevating them to the status of a deity. However, Kerouac also expresses a racist attitude toward blacks, going so far as to say that African Americans are genetically programmed to work in the fields. After reading Leroi Jones's plays, I'm also interested in seeing a perspective on race from another black author, or simply a white person whose views are different from those of Kerouac and Cassady. Jones presented more of a black nationalist viewpoint, so it would be an interesting contrast to read a piece dealing with integration.

     The treatment of sexuality and race across the Beat writings we have read are issues I have been trying to  reconcile since the beginning of this course. This particular subject it is one of the many that exposes the disparity between philosophy and action within the Beat movement. Although the Beats seemed to be acting out against social expectations and traditional codes of morality, they still impose their own beliefs onto others and create a microcosm of society. There is still a stratification of groups, and I would appreciate a more thorough understanding of why the Beats replicated the very structure they rebelled against.

Gender:

     The view of women presented by Kerouac and Cassady was quite misogynistic, as women were primarily discussed in relation to sex, desire, or as part of a marriage. Women never seemed to act on their own accord, or express any sense of autonomy. However, the writings by female Beats portrayed women as creators, individuals, and less obsessed with grandiose themes and experiences. Selections like di Prima's poem "Song for Baby-O Unborn" portrayed a woman in the "traditional" role of a mother in a domestic setting, but di Prima also asserted that she would raise her child in her chosen lifestyle, rather than try to emulate a societal standard. After reading so many texts by men, it was refreshing to see a female perspective on gender. In the future, I think it would be worthwhile to explore direct female responses to/critiques of the male Beats, if such writings exist. 

Art & Anne Waldman

     Several of Anne Waldman's poems discuss the process of artistic creation, as well as the motives behind and importance of such action. As we discussed in class, "The Lie" puts forth the idea that all "Art begins with a lie." Despite imitation and falsehood, art is still capable of inspiring a very real emotional reaction, as "The audience wants to cry / when the actors are real & passionate." It is possible that an audience does not recognize any sense of deceit, or they are simply willing to look past the performance and be affected by the theme of a work. One can disregard the lie in favor of the larger ideas and messages that art contains.

     The theme of creation extends into "A Phonecall from Frank O’Hara," in which Waldman expresses a sense of confusion and displacement in her life and seeks some form of escape. She claims that living in San Francisco has resulted in her "spirit faltering, grown duller." Waldman also states that she wants "to be free of poetry's ornaments, / it's duty, free of constant irritation." Waldman may be feeling a sense of dissatisfaction and insecurity over her art, or perhaps she recognizes poetry's root is in a lie and does not want to maintain the burden of this expectation.

 During a phone conversation with Frank O'Hara, he tells Waldman:

     ‘While frank and free/call for musick /

     while your veins swell’

     (he sang, quoting a metaphysician)   

     This quotation is taken from the poem "Mortification" by George Herbert, who was a 16^th/17^th century poet with ties to the metaphysical movement. (The complete work can be found here). O'Hara's exact words were:

When youth is frank and free,
And calls for musick, while his veins do swell

     O'Hara paraphrases Herbert's  words rather than delivering the passage directly, thus adding a new meaning the this idea. The most significant difference is O'Hara's alteration of the pronoun, as he replaced 'his' with 'your.' Rather than delivering a quotation without context, O'Hara personalizes his message by directly linking "Mortification" to Waldman (with the use of 'your').

Again, O'Hara directly addresses Waldman when he asks:

     "Don't you know the secret, how to   

     wake up and see you don't exist, but   

     that does, don't you see phenomena   

     is so much more important than this?   

     I always love that.”

     The use of 'this' and 'that' in this passage is quite vague, which led me to multiple interpretations of the secret O'Hara describes. My initial reaction was that the word 'that' refers to the poem O'Hara quoted, or poetry in general. O'Hara seems to be saying that even though George Herbert has been dead for several hundred years, his poetry still exists. Even if O'Hara did not quote Herbert's words exactly, the idea of musical language arousing a sense of freedom and a visceral reaction in the blood/veins is still relevant and is capable of inspiring further poetic expression in O'Hara. O'Hara also states that the  "phenomena is so much more important." This suggests that the poem itself is much larger and more significant than the actual poet, as we retain the words but may not know what the artist was thinking or intending at the time of creation.

Frank concludes by saying:

How can you if   

it's sad & dead?” “But that's just it!   

If! It isn't. It doesn't want to be

Do you want to be?” 

      I believe that Waldman is ultimately saying that it does not matter if the origin is in a lie, or if a poet dies, as the poem will never be "sad & dead." O'Hara tells Waldman that poem has its own identity, and can resist an unfulfilled existence. O'Hara asks Waldman if she wants to be "sad & dead," which is presumably how she would exist without poetic expression. The last part of the poem shows a nostalgia for and desire for a return to the creative energy and freedom of New York, as "it was the life!" that allowed simple experience to be elevated to a phenomena.

Gary Snyder: "The Pain of the Work of Wrecking the World"

     Gary Snyder's prose and poetry indicate a belief in humans being able to coexist with nature, but the latter always remains the most noble of the pair. Although Snyder seeks inspiration from the form and purity of the natural world, he also speaks about the corruptive and destructive power of humans.

     In "The Cannon Wren," the speaker describes a boat trip with vivid detail about the sights and sounds of the environment. The "roar" of the "churning whitewater" and the sound of the birds transforms into the "song of the Canyon Wren." The speakers says:

These songs that are here and gone,
Here and gone
To purify our ears.

     There is a definite statement that humans receive these influences from nature, which can be used to purify themselves, indicating that humans are somehow tainted and less valued.  

     In the poem "Dillingham, Alaska, the Willow Tree Bar," the speaker describes the similar experience of drill workers meeting at a bar after work. The  men are said to be

Drinking it down,

the pain
of the work
of wrecking the world.

     On a literal level, this could indicate that the men have a physically exhausting job, but Snyder's intent runs deeper. The men are apparently drinking to combat the knowledge that their work is destroying the natural environment, but there also seems to be a sense of global chaos as a result of creating imbalance. Rather than portraying these men as ignorant of their actions, Snyder places blame on their complacency. The poem ends without any real sense of resolution, but there is tone of finality. Although the speaker wishes things were different, Snyder doesn't seem to believe that humans can overcome this willingness to wreck nature.

     These competing views of nature and humanity are present throughout Snyder's writing, and when reading many similar selections in a short time frame, this concept was a bit too repetitive. Someone in class discussion described Snyder as being "preachy" which I believe is an accurate description of the tone in many of the prose pieces we read. If Snyder's poetry was a gentle warning about humanity's flaws, the essay "The Place, the Region, and the Commons" was a pronounced critique of almost every societal construction. While the land of "the commons" is esteemed as the picture of perfection, every political and economic action undertaken by humans is portrayed as exploitative and perverse. The heart of Snyder's criticism stems from individuals banding together and creating governing structures, as he says, "sometimes it seems unlikely that a society as a whole can make wise choices" (101). Snyder strongly opposes the "complicated industrial capitalist/socialist mixes" that will eventually destroy the entire natural system that "supports us" (101).

     In my opinion, Snyder uses very broad generalizations to denounce any thought system that differs from his own philosophy. Before the advent of enclosing public lands, Snyder didn't seem to find much fault in the free use of lands, but changed his mind with the increasing influence of politics on land ownership and privatization. Although Snyder seems to hold Native American communities as an ideal, he doesn't extensively evaluate these communities as a political entity with governing abilities. Based on the disdainful way he speaks of western industrial-capitalist societies, this essay read more like a historical document closely following the era of industrialization, when some called for a return to nature and simpler means of economic production. I didn't get a modern feel from this essay, and I don't believe that Snyder's ideal world of the open field system, which would be accompanied by a subsequent shift of politics back to pre-16th century European structures, is entirely practical in the contemporary world.  

Desire: From Road to Railroad

            To be perfectly honest, I'm not a big fan of Jack Kerouac's writing, so I hesitated before reading Lonesome Traveler. I felt myself drifting a little in the middle of Kerouac's long-winded sentences, and the detailed descriptions recounting his day didn't always hold my interest. Although I enjoyed listening to Kerouac read selections from "Railroad Earth," I was more transfixed by the beat of his voice and the fluid way he read, rather than the story he was relating. While On the Road seemed to be a story of movement, mystery, and spontaneity, I read "Railroad Earth" as a period of constancy and increased certainty in Kerouac's life. The language Kerouac uses to describe the railroad reminded me of his portrayal of the road--both being symbols of freedom and eternity. However, Kerouac is employed as a consistent railroad worker in this story, so he seems to be dreaming of the potential for adventure that the railroad holds rather than experiencing it for himself.

            Kerouac feels a sense of nostalgia for the type of life he led in On the Road, but he does not explicitly express a sense of dissatisfaction for his current life and job. The passage that I chose to discuss in class was slightly confusing, as it illustrates these competing views. Kerouac's references to the past are not simply concerned with a few years previous, but his thoughts extend back as far as childhood, as in the following passage:

"You see all the lil ranchstyle California homes and in the evening people sipping in livingrooms open to the sweetness, the stars, the hope that the lil children must see when they lay in little beds and bedtime and look up and a star throbs for them above the railroad earth, and the train calls, and they think tonite the stars will be out, they come, they leave, they lave, they angelicize, ah me, I must come from a land where they let the children cry, ah my, I wish I was a child in California..."

            By using language such as "sweetness," Kerouac associates nature with purity and wonder, similar to the characterization of a child. The dreams Kerouac describes are innocent and hopeful, as the children believe that stars emerge for them and that they can rely on this truth. By aligning himself with the railroads and open sky, Kerouac is expressing a desire for renewal, allowing him to return to the uninhibited lifestyle of a previous time. The stars shine and "angelisize" those underneath, reinforcing the idea that everything and everyone can be holy. Although the children cry, Kerouac expresses a desire to join them. It seems like society allows these children to cry when dreams are lost to reality. However, Kerouac also suggests that children can see the "throbbing hope-light shining," providing the promise of a better future. Kerouac also speaks of the ideal farm home with its fence and harmonious family, illustrating the some of the conventional views that appear at odds with Kerouac's love of the open road and lack of accountability. Toward the end of this passage, Kerouac speaks of a train passing by the dream of this farmhouse, ultimately showing how Kerouac's thoughts shift away from these desires in due course. 

Relative Social Truths in "Dutchman"

     One of the intriguing themes in Dutchman was the extent to which society creates expectations about a specific racial group, and how these stereotyped ideas are both denounced and supported by Clay. I think Clay is acutely aware of society's expectations for a young black man, but he doesn't buy into these ideas. In the first act, Clay treats Lula's prejudices with humor and when asked his last name he responds, "'Take your pick. Jackson, Johnson, or Williams," poking fun at those names society expects to belong to black Americans (15). This discussion of last names reminded me of an interview with Malcolm X that I saw at the National Civil Rights Museum (in Memphis, Tennessee). The museum plays the first two minutes of this video in a loop as part of an exhibit. Essentially, the interviewer asks Malcolm X his "real" last name, but he refuses to answer because he ties names such as "Murphy, Jones, or Smith" to the history of slavery, claiming that these last names don't really belong to African Americans and they shouldn't be forced to answer to these false identities. 

                      

     Similarly, in Dutchman, Lula seems intent on tying Clay and his ancestors to slavery in order to project her limited view of black Americans onto Clay, as seen in the following exchange:

LULA. What right do you have to be wearing a three-button suit and striped tie? Your grandfather was a slave, he didn't go to Harvard.

CLAY. My grandfather was a night watchman.

     Whenever Lula makes an accusation or assumption, Clay tends to ignore the insult tied to what she's saying and just focuses on her next topic. Clay avoids violence of action and speech consistently, as he doesn't seem to believe that anything worthy will result. Although Clay's physical appearance and lifestyle could be seen as assimilation into white American culture, I don't think Clay believes his opportunities and expression are tied to any specific race, but simply are part of his identity as a human. Unlike Lula, he believes he has a right to wear this suit because he is capable of constructing whatever identity he wants without worrying about social restrictions. 

     If this is a play is to be read as a representation of the unjust persecution of black Americans, I found Clay's anti-Semitic comment to be quite surprising. When Lula speaks of Clay's ancestors as slaves on a  plantation surrounded by barbed wire, he responds by saying, "You must be Jewish. All you can think about is wire" (29). This is an obvious reference to the concentration camps of the Holocaust, which was not only a form of religious persecution, but also involved ethnicity, sexuality, nationality, and disabilities. Dr. Lennon mentioned that the playwright was anti-Semitic, which might explain why this comment was included. However, it seems like Clay would show greater sympathy for other minority groups who have been historically oppressed. I think this comment deflated Clay's character and slightly contradicts his final monologue. In this speech, Clay suggests that black Americans are encouraged to keep their culture and customs separate by white society, and he is glad that many black American do not buy into the "rationalism and cold logic" used to justify the hatred of others (36).

     Even at the end of the play, I felt unsure about what exactly it is Lula was after in her exchange with Clay. She seemed to be anticipating a specific response from Clay throughout the play, and kills Clay when she doesn't receive it. As Clay is dying, Lula says "Sorry is the rightest thing you've said," almost as if she think Clay should apologize for his dislike of racial segregation and prejudices, while she is entitled to her own thoughts (37).  

The Beats in Film: Hit & Miss

"The Junky's Christmas"

     I have to admit that I wasn't really a fan of "The Junky's Christmas" short film. For some reason, I assumed this was a live-action film, so I was in for a surprise when the claymation began. Based on the story, it seemed an odd choice to use animation and a disembodied narrator rather than actors. Burroughs' story was very much centered on human action, responses between characters, and emotional communication through facial expressions and movement, all of which are elements that I think were lost in the translation to film. I imagined Danny to be a relatively young man, so the choice of an elderly narrator didn't synch with my image of the character. Also, the use of a narrator to play both parts of a conversation (such as Danny's encounter with The Buyer) was distracting. There was also little contrast between Danny and Joey, a junky who seems infinitely more damaged and hopeless. Burroughs' story seemed to be very centered on exploring desires and humanity, but the clay figures were not sculpted realistically, which I think undermined the themes of the work. Unlike when I read the story, I didn't really believe the film, and I didn't feel the same sort of empathy toward the characters.

     Another source of my dislike for the film was the incorporation of music. From the beginning, the choir singing over the opening scene felt very religious, and I don't think Burroughs' story emphasized the policy of everything being holy. When Danny went back to his hotel room to get his fix, there was a bass-heavy track playing that sounded like a "funky" song from a bad 1970s police movie. I think this was the director's attempt at making drug use seem gritty and cool, which contradicts Burroughs' stance on simply portraying the life of a junky rather than glorifying drug use. When Danny receives his "immaculate fix" the scene was set to "Hark! the Herald Angels Sing," which reinforced a religious/divine reading of the text, as Danny floated in the air as golden light shone into the room. Again, I think this cast Danny's drug use in a positive light, rather than the sparse imagery of his body going "slack" and his head "falling forward."

     Finally, I didn't understand the significance of the old man reading the story in the beginning and his Christmas celebration at the end--but maybe that was just me. Other than this being a framing device, I'm not quite sure why it was included. Personally, I though the ending would have been more solid if it cut straight from Danny to the credits. The use of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairies" from Tchaikovsky's "Nutcracker" would have concluded the film on a mysterious and slightly eerie note.

"Pull My Daisy"

     I enjoyed this film more, perhaps because the narration seemed to mesh quite well with the story. Kerouac's voice gave the story an authentic quality, especially since parts seemed improvised and spontaneous. Overall, I think the film could be described as a subdued version of On the Road. The situation itself was humorous and ridiculous, as a bishop came to dinner with the expectations of a refined evening, only to find out that his dinner party was crashed by a bunch of Beat poets. However, this concept was entertaining and didn't seem contrived, but rather a normal day in the lives of these Beats. It was almost as if Kerouac was making a British naturalist documentary, but in a truly impulsive and humorous fashion. The film didn't seemed forced, and the production design and lack of embellishment reinforced the simple image of a group of friends gathering in an apartment and conversing. The conversation was sometimes calm, but frantic and deep at other moments. One of the guests at the house defines "goofing" as playing around with words, which seemed to be the exercise of the film. One moment there was an insightful conversation about Buddhism or "angels and ministers," then a dancing montage set to jazz. The film also seemed to be truthful to Ginsberg's poetry, especially in the similarity to  "Footnote to Howl," as a discussion of the holiness of glasses and baseball takes place. 

Burroughs: Not Everything Is Holy

            As the title of Burroughs's short story "International Zone" suggests, his writing is more broad in its subject matter than that of Kerouac and Ginsberg. Although Burroughs did express his social criticisms of America in "Twilight's Last Gleaming," he opens up his writing to a larger discussion, not simple choosing to speak of the experiences and denunciations of his homeland. In this manner, his view of the world is more comprehensive, as he acknowledges the duality of good and bad in most areas of life. Burroughs can be straightforward and utter short, declarative statements that reveal a truth, but he doesn't feel the need to turn every idea into a sensational revelation.

            When I read Burroughs's writing, I imagined him as an impartial observer rather than someone constantly referencing and defining his place within this "Beat" generation. Although his writing seems to hold the opinions of someone who is well-informed and self-assured, I never got the impression that Burroughs tries to elevate himself onto a divine level. Unlike Kerouac and Ginsberg, there's never really a discussion of spirituality and the quest to become a holy figure. Burroughs presents the facts of a society as he sees them: in a straightforward fashion that lacks  embellishment. Speaking of Tangiers, Burroughs says, "You see filth, poverty, disease, all endured with a curiously apathetic indifference" (56). This statement forms the last sentence of a paragraph in "International Zone," and it's simply on to another topic right afterwards. Burroughs doesn't take time to reminisce on these social ills as Ginsberg would, but instead chooses to realistically communicate how someone may give such little thought to these matter in their daily life. There is no celebration of the "angelheaded hipster" or a glorification of the impoverished classes as Kerouac would provide. In this manner, it seems that Burroughs is somewhat lacking in the egotism present in the texts we studied previously, as Burroughs doesn't give himself the sense of elevated authority used to freely pass judgment. Whereas Ginsberg speaks of Moloch metaphorically devouring America, Burroughs writes on a more realistic and human-based level. Tangiers is a city filled with people who simply can't be bothered, who are proponents of an unconscious policy of "exemption" and "noninterference" (59).  I'm not saying that ignoring these problems is necessarily a good thing, but I just think that Burroughs wasn't trying to make himself into the figure of a savior or champion. I don't believe that Burroughs necessarily thought he could represent lifestyles other than his own, unlike Kerouac's ignorant adventure of becoming a provider, father, and Mexican for the day.

            Personally, I found Burroughs to be a relief from the need to constantly aggrandize ideas and experiences, for what seems like the sake of making everything holy. I think I was one of the few people who really disliked for On the Road, but I got tired of every drink, every party, every drive, every conversation constantly being made into something phenomenal. Even though the people Burroughs discusses may not be the "holy" Neal Cassady or an adventurous group of people, I found them to be more interesting and infinitely less frustrating. Overall, Burroughs's writing has the ability to show that sometimes people really are just normal and "in hopeless, dead-end situations," and I think this lack of ornamentation  emphasizes the diversity of philosophy within this "generation" (49).

The Images of "Howl"

By nature, "Howl" is a very graphic poem, filled with many images and sensations that are easily conjured by the mind. Although Eric Drooker didn't manage to capture every line as I envisioned, there were several illustrations in Howl: A Graphic Novel that I found to be particularly interesting and expressive. 

Drooker, Pg. 125

"with mother finally ******, and the last fantastic book flung out of the tenement window, and the last door closed at 4 A.M. and the last telephone slammed at the wall in reply and the last furnished room emptied down to the last piece of mental furniture, a yellow paper rose twisted on a wire hanger in the closet, and even that imaginary, nothing but a hopeful little bit of hallucination— "

This particular illustration shows the silhouette of a man on a rooftop as her stares down at a hazy and  undefined city. I thought that this illustration captured the collapsing sense of idealism in its related lines. The "last fantastic book flung out of the tenement window" seems to be a doubt over the power and self-assurance of "best minds" of the Beat generation. Mainstream rejection and internal struggles with drugs, poverty, and hardship seem to have eroded the confidence and freedom of these creators. There's a definite sense of anxiety and confusion in this section, and Ginsberg seems to be questioning reality itself, as he isn't sure if past memories were simply an idealistic "bit of hallucination." The speaker's inability to converse with anyone creates feelings of alienation, confinement, and missed opportunity. The tone of the poem seems to shift in this section, as Ginsberg gains the perspective on outsider, removed from his generation and looking in, similar to the man in Drooker's illustration. The image also captures a sense of rejection from society, and the eventual isolation from self, which are both themes throughout "Howl."

Drooker, Pg. 126

"ah, Carl, while you are not safe I am not safe, and now you’re really in the total animal soup of time—"

 This second image also reflects a sense of alienation, as the Beat philosophy of all things and people being connected seems to have broken down. There's no longer a certainty in the idea that all things, experience, and people are sacred, as marginalized figures in society have been shunned. This particular reference to Carl equates him with the "animal soup of time," suggesting that he was dehumanized and bogged down in the face of a flawed society's expectations. This lone figure in the dark definitely captures the somber and mournful tone of this passage, as well as the sense of loneliness.

Drooker, Pg. 128-9

I found the artwork on this page to be particularly interesting, mainly because it reminded me of Impressionist & Post-Impressionist paintings. After thinking about these artistic movements in comparison to Beat writing, I found myself drawing several parallels. At their core, both movements were focused on capturing a moment or experience and preserving the emotional impact. There was an evident desire in both parties to produce an artistic creation to ensure that no seemingly simple sight or event was fleeting or forgotten. Although the Impressionist artists already defied artistic convention, the Post-Impressionists took this exploration further, similar to the way the Beats created new literary standards and forms. Post-Impressionist painters used a more dynamic and expressive color palate, turned more toward abstraction rather than capturing lighting, and delved into the structure behind their subjects. Many people critiqued he "messy" brushstrokes of these painters and were critical of the thick and textured impasto technique but, as in the case of the Beats, there was a method and organization behind the seeming madness. 

Vincent van Gogh, Road with Cyprus and Star, c. 1890, oil on Canvas

In class, we spoke of the Post-Impressionist painter Cézanne's tendency to boldly mix colors into  combinations that seemed strange and unrelated, similar to Ginsberg's experimentation with language (such as the jarring phrase "atomic jukebox").  Although we discussed Cézanne in class, this particular illustration by Drooker reminded me more of van Gogh's aesthetic, which focused on combining bold colors and images into a cohesive whole, while the individual strokes and parts still remained distinct and present. 

Vincent van Gogh, Wheatfield with Crows, c. 1890, oil on Canvas

Ginsberg's Voice & The Clash

When reading "Howl," I found myself unsure of how the poem would be read aloud, because it seems difficult to take a breath without disrupting the flow of the verse. I figured the best authority on the subject would be Ginsberg himself, so I listened to him reciting the first section of the poem. I was surprised by how subdued Ginsberg's reading was, especially since the word choice in the poem is quite eclectic and many of the subjects in the work are personal to him. However, his reading of the second part of Howl was more impassioned, especially in the repetition of "Moloch!"

Allen Ginsberg Reading Howl- Part 1

I was already familiar with Ginsberg's voice because he performs a spoken word piece between lyrics of "Ghetto Defendant," a song from The Clash's1982 album Combat Rock. The Clash were a punk rock band from England, who were together from 1976-1986. Most people may be familiar with The Clash for their songs "Rock the Casbah" and "Should I Stay or Should I Go," but many songs by the band focus on political and social issues of the 1970s/1980s, both in the United Kingdom and globally. "Ghetto Defendant" is a song that retains the same character of Ginsberg's poetry, especially since The Clash's lyrics typically focus on a leftist political view. The song presents a strong critique of society in terms of politics, social structure, the global economy, and foreign/domestic law. 

Ghetto Defendant -The Clash, featuring Allen Ginsberg 

There's a really interesting article that examines the lyrics to this song--"A Tale of Too Many Cities: The Clash's 'Ghetto Defendant' and Transnational Disruptions." The article can be found here. 

The "Human War" in Ginsberg's America

            When reading Allen Ginsberg's poem "America," I was slightly confused by a reference Ginsberg makes about his uncle, especially because this detail is so restrained compared to some of the other images Ginsberg evokes in other poems. After spending some time admonishing America, Ginsberg says, "America I still haven't told you what you did to Uncle / Max after he came over from Russia." This particular phrase struck me because it contrasted so heavily with  part one of "Howl," in which Ginsberg's language and use of imagery is bold, graphic, and what many people may classify as explicit. In both "Howl" and "America," some of the experiences are personal, and others are more generalized views of American culture and the characteristics of Ginsberg's generation. Uncle Max is a figure taken directly from Ginsberg's life, yet there is a distance and caution expressed within this phrase. I would classify this line as subtle, delicate, and  easily forgotten, which is why I found it so intriguing. This declaration is simple and serves as the final line of a stanza, with no explanation or further mention in the text. Other than sounding menacing, I wasn't sure what to make of this statement, so I tried looking up some information on Uncle Max. I didn't find anything of consequence other than a few mentions of him in published volumes of Ginsberg's personal letters.

            Since I couldn't find any concrete information, I read the poem again and focused on the broader treatment of marginalized figures in America. Since Ginsberg's family was Jewish, perhaps the connection comes in anti-Semitism and the poor reception of immigrants in some parts of the country. Although this particular scene seems to be directly from Ginsberg's perspective, he also adopts an anonymous speaker engaging in a conversation with a personified America. The speaker makes a more direct reference to religion in the statement, "My ambition is to be President despite the fact that I'm / a Catholic." Since "America" was written in 1956, I think it's not unreasonable to assume that this figure is John F. Kennedy, who won the presidency in 1960. Four years prior, Kennedy was nominated for the office of Vice President at the 1956 Democratic National Convention in August, but lost, possibly due to the poor reception of his religion. However, Ginsberg published his poem in January, so the timeline isn't perfect, but I still believe that Ginsberg is speaking to the marginalization of Catholicism in American culture. Even though this particular form of religious discrimination is not one that many people immediately think of, it works well within Ginsberg's overall theme.

            Ginsberg also brings up many instances of ethnic, racial, and legal discrimination, in the following direct appeals:

-"America free Tom Mooney": Mooney was arrested and convicted for participating in the Preparedness Day Bombing of 1916, which took place during a parade focusing on America's entry into the first World War. However, many people thought Mooney was wrongfully convicted and he was seen as a political prisoner.

-"America Sacco & Vanzetti must not die": Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who were executed for murder, but many people believe their trial to be unjust due to their ethnicity and suspected anarchist sentiments.

-"America I am the Scottsboro boys": This is a reference to a group of African American boys who were accused of rape in 1931, but were subjected to an unjust, fixed, and overtly racist trial.             

To be honest, I found myself doing a lot of research between stanzas of "America" because it wasn't a poem I could read passively. Reduced to a simple theme, I think Ginsberg's poem speaks to the personal responsibility associated with living in any country, especially in terms of making decisions and receiving information. Ginsberg asks, "Are you going to let your emotional life be run by / Time Magazine?," and I think he is encouraging people to look past the obvious social or political story and seek information and understanding in what you believe to be the truth, whether or not it is the popular idea. I personally felt that Ginsberg's poetry was more relevant to me than On the Road, especially for the utilization of social history and the work the poetry demanded for understanding. 

Conflicts of Constancy and Wandering

            To me, Kerouac's On the Road seems to be filled with contradictions and competing desires, leaving me unsure of exactly what Jack is searching for on his travels. Throughout the first section of the novel, Kerouac feels an overwhelming need to always move from place to place, but once he reaches his destination he doesn't really feel a sense of lasting satisfaction. Although Kerouac seems to envision himself as a philosophical nomad, he always returns to the idea of leading a conventional domestic life. This type of thought seems to appear whenever Kerouac finds a new romantic interest and considers the idea of settling down with a woman. Although he expresses that his relationship with his ex-wife is rocky, Kerouac is determined to visit her and regain something of the lifestyle he once experienced. When living with Beatrice, Kerouac desires a sense of permanence and the ability to provide a secure financial standing for his "family" in the midst of  an uncharted journey across the country. This same draw to stability also relates to Kerouac's relationship with his mother, whom he sends money to during his travels, even when he barely seems able to care for himself.

            When he returns home in the first section of the novel, Kerouac and his mother decide to use his earning to replace their icebox with a refrigerator, which would be "the first one in the family" (211). Although this is just a subtle detail in the text, Kerouac returns to this same idea when he visits home in the second section of the novel, saying he "got home and ate everything in the icebox again, only now it was a refrigerator, fruit of my 1947 labors, and that in some measure was the progress of my life" (279). These two scenes are incredibly similar and serve as a framework for Kerouac's personal discoveries during his second wave of travelling with Neal, as he seems to have matured and reassessed his values. Although Kerouac obtains some kind of immediate gratification and enrichment by living in the moment, he doesn't seem to believe that his life can be solely enriched in this manner. During their road trip to San Francisco, Kerouac tells Neal, "'This can't go on all the time...all this franticness and jumping around. We've got to go someplace, find something,'" which seems to refer to this notion of domestic constancy (218).

            I'm not sure if Kerouac is simply expressing a desire to stay in one place, or if he is beginning to feel that accomplishment can be physically measured through belongings and visible ties. There's also the emerging question of Kerouac defining some sort of personal fulfillment through his relationships with other people. When travelling, Kerouac seems to have no qualms about meeting new people and never seeing them again, even if he feels a sense of deep attachment. However, his relationships with Neal and Louanne become more strained the longer he stays with them, and Kerouac even admits to a loss of faith in Neal. I'm not sure if Kerouac never loses a sense of loyalty to his mother because of the sense of constancy he receives from her emotional support, or because she symbolizes the home containing a refrigerator that was earned through commitment and will stay as an investment for the future. Although Kerouac was obsessed with his need to visit San Francisco for over half of the novel, he finally states, "What I accomplished by coming to Frisco I don't know" (277). This admission leaves me wondering if Kerouac ever had an end goal in mind, or if he was simply living in the moment because he never expected to have anything in the future. Kerouac's travels take on a mythic status in his own mind, but his confusion over constructing an idealistic pursuit makes me unsure if Kerouac can ever be phased by a collapsing ideal or be impacted by the gaps that movement can't fill.